Analytical study of thyroid and prolactin hormone levels in infertile women with menstrual irregularities

Background: Infertility is the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy over an average period of one year (in a woman under 35 years of age) or 6 months (in a woman above 35 years of age) despite adequate, regular (3-4 times per week), unprotected sexual intercourse. It is of two types, primary infertility and secondary infertility. It can be due to the woman, the man, or both men and woman. Though there are several factors plays role in the causing infertility, endocrine hormones play a crucial role in it. Among all the hormones, thyroid and prolactin hormone have profound effects on reproduction and pregnancy.Methods: A prospective analytical study was conducted among 200 female patients, of age group 20-40 years, attending the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology. Sent for analysis of thyroid profile and prolactin levels. The data of the patients who have been completely followed up after six months was entered in excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS (version 16).Results: In this study the mean age of the study participants were 31.33±4.12 years and 4 of them were below 25 years of age. There is high prevalence of hypothyroidism (23.5%) and hyperprolactinemia (31%) was noted among the infertile females.Conclusions: The assessment of thyroid function and prolactin levels is mandatory in the work up of all infertile women, especially those presenting with menstrual irregularities. Also, early initiation of treatment may help in restoring the fertility among the infertile woman

Exclusion of Wormhole and Blackhole Attacks in Manets using Fuzzy Lamport Timestamp Algorithm

Security for any network is a primary concern as it is necessary to safeguard the resources that are being shared. A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) enables the mobile devices to form a temporary network without any centralized infrastructure. MANET is vulnerable to several attacks, e.g. wormhole and blackhole attacks. Since there is increase in use of wireless communication, minimizing the intruders in wireless networks has been a high priority task. These attacks affect directly the performance of network. Eliminating such attacks in MANET is a challenging task. In this paper, a novel method that excludes the packets of wormhole and blackhole attacks in a MANET using fuzzy Lamport timestamp algorithm (FLTA) is proposed. The proposed FLTA is used to identify the order of event and to make synchronization of time clock in network device. The Lamport timestamp algorithm incorporates a fuzzy inference system to improve the performance of network. The simulated results of the proposed algorithm are compared with that of LTAWB [13] and SMTWB [12] for wormhole and blackhole attacks. It is observed that the proposed FLTA shows better performance as compared to LTAWB and SMTWB protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio

Association of hyperlipidemia in preterm delivery

Background: There are 3.6 million/year neonatal deaths around the world, of which 99 percent deaths are contributed by the developing countries. An infant born before 37 completed weeks is called as preterm. Normal human pregnancy results in a pronounced physiological hypertriglyceridemia involving a gestational rise in blood triglycerides (TGL) and cholesterol.  As elevated circulating levels of triglycerides and cholesterol are markers for increased risk of preterm labor in pregnant women. Atherosis of the Utero placental spiral arteries may be induced by the Hyperlipidemia in pregnancy to cause preterm delivery.Methods: The study group included 444 healthy pregnant women in the age group of 17-35 years and whose gestational age was confirmed either by their last menstrual period or by dating ultrasound. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels, in an uncomplicated pregnancy and preterm delivery. In all these antenatal mothers (study group) a detailed history with special reference to diet and habits, followed by a complete obstetric and general examination were done. All antenatal mothers who were included in the study were subjected for serum triglycerides and cholesterol estimation from the overnight fasting blood samples, at 24, 28, & 32 weeks of gestation.Results: In this study 374 patients who had normal cholesterol delivered at term, however 15 patients out of 26 (42.5%) patients who showed abnormal cholesterol had preterm delivery and 22 patients out of 35 (62.8%) patients with abnormal triglycerides level delivered prematurely.Conclusions: The measurement of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides along with other measures like clinical and serum screening of Alpha fetoprotein and inhibin A can potentially be used for predicting the preterm labo

Evaluation of Serum HDL and LDL levels in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

  Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. This study intended to compare High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) profile between type II diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and also find the correlation between HDL and LDL cholesterol in type II diabetic.   Methods: The study was conducted on 100 total subjects out of which experimental group with 50 subjects of known Type II Diabetes mellitus and control group with 50 subjects.   Results: The result of the present study suggests that fasting blood sugar and LDL cholesterol levels were increased but HDL cholesterol level was reduced in type II diabetic subjects when compared to controls.   Conclusion: The estimation of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in type II diabetes mellitus is very useful as it may serve as a useful parameter to monitor the prognosis of the patient